raytracingbasic.cpp

/*
* Vulkan Example - Basic hardware accelerated ray tracing example
*
* Copyright (C) 2019-2025 by Sascha Willems - www.saschawillems.de
*
* This code is licensed under the MIT license (MIT) (http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)
*/

#include "vulkanexamplebase.h"

// Holds data for a ray tracing scratch buffer that is used as a temporary storage
struct RayTracingScratchBuffer
{
	uint64_t deviceAddress = 0;
	VkBuffer handle = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
	VkDeviceMemory memory = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
};

// Ray tracing acceleration structure
struct AccelerationStructure {
	VkAccelerationStructureKHR handle;
	uint64_t deviceAddress = 0;
	VkDeviceMemory memory;
	VkBuffer buffer;
};

class VulkanExample : public VulkanExampleBase
{
public:
	PFN_vkGetBufferDeviceAddressKHR vkGetBufferDeviceAddressKHR;
	PFN_vkCreateAccelerationStructureKHR vkCreateAccelerationStructureKHR;
	PFN_vkDestroyAccelerationStructureKHR vkDestroyAccelerationStructureKHR;
	PFN_vkGetAccelerationStructureBuildSizesKHR vkGetAccelerationStructureBuildSizesKHR;
	PFN_vkGetAccelerationStructureDeviceAddressKHR vkGetAccelerationStructureDeviceAddressKHR;
	PFN_vkCmdBuildAccelerationStructuresKHR vkCmdBuildAccelerationStructuresKHR;
	PFN_vkBuildAccelerationStructuresKHR vkBuildAccelerationStructuresKHR;
	PFN_vkCmdTraceRaysKHR vkCmdTraceRaysKHR;
	PFN_vkGetRayTracingShaderGroupHandlesKHR vkGetRayTracingShaderGroupHandlesKHR;
	PFN_vkCreateRayTracingPipelinesKHR vkCreateRayTracingPipelinesKHR;

	VkPhysicalDeviceRayTracingPipelinePropertiesKHR  rayTracingPipelineProperties{};
	VkPhysicalDeviceAccelerationStructureFeaturesKHR accelerationStructureFeatures{};

	VkPhysicalDeviceBufferDeviceAddressFeatures enabledBufferDeviceAddresFeatures{};
	VkPhysicalDeviceRayTracingPipelineFeaturesKHR enabledRayTracingPipelineFeatures{};
	VkPhysicalDeviceAccelerationStructureFeaturesKHR enabledAccelerationStructureFeatures{};

	AccelerationStructure bottomLevelAS{};
	AccelerationStructure topLevelAS{};

	vks::Buffer vertexBuffer;
	vks::Buffer indexBuffer;
	uint32_t indexCount;
	vks::Buffer transformBuffer;
	std::vector<VkRayTracingShaderGroupCreateInfoKHR> shaderGroups{};
	vks::Buffer raygenShaderBindingTable;
	vks::Buffer missShaderBindingTable;
	vks::Buffer hitShaderBindingTable;

	struct StorageImage {
		VkDeviceMemory memory;
		VkImage image;
		VkImageView view;
		VkFormat format;
	} storageImage;

	struct UniformData {
		glm::mat4 viewInverse;
		glm::mat4 projInverse;
	} uniformData;
	std::array<vks::Buffer, maxConcurrentFrames> uniformBuffers;

	VkPipeline pipeline{ VK_NULL_HANDLE };
	VkPipelineLayout pipelineLayout{ VK_NULL_HANDLE };
	VkDescriptorSetLayout descriptorSetLayout{ VK_NULL_HANDLE };
	std::array<VkDescriptorSet, maxConcurrentFrames> descriptorSets{};

	VulkanExample() : VulkanExampleBase()
	{
		title = "Ray tracing basic";
		settings.overlay = false;
		camera.type = Camera::CameraType::lookat;
		camera.setPerspective(60.0f, (float)width / (float)height, 0.1f, 512.0f);
		camera.setRotation(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f));
		camera.setTranslation(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, -2.5f));

		// Require Vulkan 1.1
		apiVersion = VK_API_VERSION_1_1;

		// Ray tracing related extensions required by this sample
		enabledDeviceExtensions.push_back(VK_KHR_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_EXTENSION_NAME);
		enabledDeviceExtensions.push_back(VK_KHR_RAY_TRACING_PIPELINE_EXTENSION_NAME);

		// Required by VK_KHR_acceleration_structure
		enabledDeviceExtensions.push_back(VK_KHR_BUFFER_DEVICE_ADDRESS_EXTENSION_NAME);
		enabledDeviceExtensions.push_back(VK_KHR_DEFERRED_HOST_OPERATIONS_EXTENSION_NAME);
		enabledDeviceExtensions.push_back(VK_EXT_DESCRIPTOR_INDEXING_EXTENSION_NAME);

		// Required for VK_KHR_ray_tracing_pipeline
		enabledDeviceExtensions.push_back(VK_KHR_SPIRV_1_4_EXTENSION_NAME);

		// Required by VK_KHR_spirv_1_4
		enabledDeviceExtensions.push_back(VK_KHR_SHADER_FLOAT_CONTROLS_EXTENSION_NAME);
	}

	~VulkanExample()
	{
		vkDestroyPipeline(device, pipeline, nullptr);
		vkDestroyPipelineLayout(device, pipelineLayout, nullptr);
		vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout(device, descriptorSetLayout, nullptr);
		vkDestroyImageView(device, storageImage.view, nullptr);
		vkDestroyImage(device, storageImage.image, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, storageImage.memory, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, bottomLevelAS.memory, nullptr);
		vkDestroyBuffer(device, bottomLevelAS.buffer, nullptr);
		vkDestroyAccelerationStructureKHR(device, bottomLevelAS.handle, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, topLevelAS.memory, nullptr);
		vkDestroyBuffer(device, topLevelAS.buffer, nullptr);
		vkDestroyAccelerationStructureKHR(device, topLevelAS.handle, nullptr);
		vertexBuffer.destroy();
		indexBuffer.destroy();
		transformBuffer.destroy();
		raygenShaderBindingTable.destroy();
		missShaderBindingTable.destroy();
		hitShaderBindingTable.destroy();
		for (auto& buffer : uniformBuffers) {
			buffer.destroy();
		}
	}

	/*
		Create a scratch buffer to hold temporary data for a ray tracing acceleration structure
	*/
	RayTracingScratchBuffer createScratchBuffer(VkDeviceSize size)
	{
		RayTracingScratchBuffer scratchBuffer{};

		VkBufferCreateInfo bufferCreateInfo{};
		bufferCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
		bufferCreateInfo.size = size;
		bufferCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_SHADER_DEVICE_ADDRESS_BIT;
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateBuffer(device, &bufferCreateInfo, nullptr, &scratchBuffer.handle));

		VkMemoryRequirements memoryRequirements{};
		vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(device, scratchBuffer.handle, &memoryRequirements);

		VkMemoryAllocateFlagsInfo memoryAllocateFlagsInfo{};
		memoryAllocateFlagsInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_FLAGS_INFO;
		memoryAllocateFlagsInfo.flags = VK_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_DEVICE_ADDRESS_BIT_KHR;

		VkMemoryAllocateInfo memoryAllocateInfo = {};
		memoryAllocateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;
		memoryAllocateInfo.pNext = &memoryAllocateFlagsInfo;
		memoryAllocateInfo.allocationSize = memoryRequirements.size;
		memoryAllocateInfo.memoryTypeIndex = vulkanDevice->getMemoryType(memoryRequirements.memoryTypeBits, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT);
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkAllocateMemory(device, &memoryAllocateInfo, nullptr, &scratchBuffer.memory));
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkBindBufferMemory(device, scratchBuffer.handle, scratchBuffer.memory, 0));

		VkBufferDeviceAddressInfoKHR bufferDeviceAddressInfo{};
		bufferDeviceAddressInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_DEVICE_ADDRESS_INFO;
		bufferDeviceAddressInfo.buffer = scratchBuffer.handle;
		scratchBuffer.deviceAddress = vkGetBufferDeviceAddressKHR(device, &bufferDeviceAddressInfo);

		return scratchBuffer;
	}

	void deleteScratchBuffer(RayTracingScratchBuffer& scratchBuffer)
	{
		if (scratchBuffer.memory != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
			vkFreeMemory(device, scratchBuffer.memory, nullptr);
		}
		if (scratchBuffer.handle != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
			vkDestroyBuffer(device, scratchBuffer.handle, nullptr);
		}
	}

	void createAccelerationStructureBuffer(AccelerationStructure& accelerationStructure, VkAccelerationStructureBuildSizesInfoKHR buildSizeInfo)
	{
		VkBufferCreateInfo bufferCreateInfo{};
		bufferCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
		bufferCreateInfo.size = buildSizeInfo.accelerationStructureSize;
		bufferCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_STORAGE_BIT_KHR | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_SHADER_DEVICE_ADDRESS_BIT;
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateBuffer(device, &bufferCreateInfo, nullptr, &accelerationStructure.buffer));
		VkMemoryRequirements memoryRequirements{};
		vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(device, accelerationStructure.buffer, &memoryRequirements);
		VkMemoryAllocateFlagsInfo memoryAllocateFlagsInfo{};
		memoryAllocateFlagsInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_FLAGS_INFO;
		memoryAllocateFlagsInfo.flags = VK_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_DEVICE_ADDRESS_BIT_KHR;
		VkMemoryAllocateInfo memoryAllocateInfo{};
		memoryAllocateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;
		memoryAllocateInfo.pNext = &memoryAllocateFlagsInfo;
		memoryAllocateInfo.allocationSize = memoryRequirements.size;
		memoryAllocateInfo.memoryTypeIndex = vulkanDevice->getMemoryType(memoryRequirements.memoryTypeBits, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT);
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkAllocateMemory(device, &memoryAllocateInfo, nullptr, &accelerationStructure.memory));
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkBindBufferMemory(device, accelerationStructure.buffer, accelerationStructure.memory, 0));
	}


	/*
		Gets the device address from a buffer that's required for some of the buffers used for ray tracing
	*/
	uint64_t getBufferDeviceAddress(VkBuffer buffer)
	{
		VkBufferDeviceAddressInfoKHR bufferDeviceAI{};
		bufferDeviceAI.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_DEVICE_ADDRESS_INFO;
		bufferDeviceAI.buffer = buffer;
		return vkGetBufferDeviceAddressKHR(device, &bufferDeviceAI);
	}

	/*
		Set up a storage image that the ray generation shader will be writing to
	*/
	void createStorageImage()
	{
		VkImageCreateInfo image = vks::initializers::imageCreateInfo();
		image.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
		image.format = swapChain.colorFormat;
		image.extent.width = width;
		image.extent.height = height;
		image.extent.depth = 1;
		image.mipLevels = 1;
		image.arrayLayers = 1;
		image.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
		image.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL;
		image.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_STORAGE_BIT;
		image.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateImage(device, &image, nullptr, &storageImage.image));

		VkMemoryRequirements memReqs;
		vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(device, storageImage.image, &memReqs);
		VkMemoryAllocateInfo memoryAllocateInfo = vks::initializers::memoryAllocateInfo();
		memoryAllocateInfo.allocationSize = memReqs.size;
		memoryAllocateInfo.memoryTypeIndex = vulkanDevice->getMemoryType(memReqs.memoryTypeBits, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT);
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkAllocateMemory(device, &memoryAllocateInfo, nullptr, &storageImage.memory));
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkBindImageMemory(device, storageImage.image, storageImage.memory, 0));

		VkImageViewCreateInfo colorImageView = vks::initializers::imageViewCreateInfo();
		colorImageView.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
		colorImageView.format = swapChain.colorFormat;
		colorImageView.subresourceRange = {};
		colorImageView.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
		colorImageView.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
		colorImageView.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
		colorImageView.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
		colorImageView.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
		colorImageView.image = storageImage.image;
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateImageView(device, &colorImageView, nullptr, &storageImage.view));

		VkCommandBuffer cmdBuffer = vulkanDevice->createCommandBuffer(VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY, true);
		vks::tools::setImageLayout(cmdBuffer, storageImage.image,
			VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED,
			VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL,
			{ VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, 0, 1, 0, 1 });
		vulkanDevice->flushCommandBuffer(cmdBuffer, queue);
	}

	/*
		Create the bottom level acceleration structure contains the scene's actual geometry (vertices, triangles)
	*/
	void createBottomLevelAccelerationStructure()
	{
		// Setup vertices for a single triangle
		struct Vertex {
			float pos[3];
		};
		std::vector<Vertex> vertices = {
			{ {  1.0f,  1.0f, 0.0f } },
			{ { -1.0f,  1.0f, 0.0f } },
			{ {  0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f } }
		};

		// Setup indices
		std::vector<uint32_t> indices = { 0, 1, 2 };
		indexCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(indices.size());

		// Setup identity transform matrix
		VkTransformMatrixKHR transformMatrix = {
			1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
			0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
			0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f
		};

		// Create buffers
		// For the sake of simplicity we won't stage the vertex data to the GPU memory
		// Vertex buffer
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vulkanDevice->createBuffer(
			VK_BUFFER_USAGE_SHADER_DEVICE_ADDRESS_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_BUILD_INPUT_READ_ONLY_BIT_KHR,
			VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT,
			&vertexBuffer,
			vertices.size() * sizeof(Vertex),
			vertices.data()));
		// Index buffer
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vulkanDevice->createBuffer(
			VK_BUFFER_USAGE_SHADER_DEVICE_ADDRESS_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_BUILD_INPUT_READ_ONLY_BIT_KHR,
			VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT,
			&indexBuffer,
			indices.size() * sizeof(uint32_t),
			indices.data()));
		// Transform buffer
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vulkanDevice->createBuffer(
			VK_BUFFER_USAGE_SHADER_DEVICE_ADDRESS_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_BUILD_INPUT_READ_ONLY_BIT_KHR,
			VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT,
			&transformBuffer,
			sizeof(VkTransformMatrixKHR),
			&transformMatrix));

		VkDeviceOrHostAddressConstKHR vertexBufferDeviceAddress{};
		VkDeviceOrHostAddressConstKHR indexBufferDeviceAddress{};
		VkDeviceOrHostAddressConstKHR transformBufferDeviceAddress{};

		vertexBufferDeviceAddress.deviceAddress = getBufferDeviceAddress(vertexBuffer.buffer);
		indexBufferDeviceAddress.deviceAddress = getBufferDeviceAddress(indexBuffer.buffer);
		transformBufferDeviceAddress.deviceAddress = getBufferDeviceAddress(transformBuffer.buffer);

		// Build
		VkAccelerationStructureGeometryKHR accelerationStructureGeometry{};
		accelerationStructureGeometry.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_GEOMETRY_KHR;
		accelerationStructureGeometry.flags = VK_GEOMETRY_OPAQUE_BIT_KHR;
		accelerationStructureGeometry.geometryType = VK_GEOMETRY_TYPE_TRIANGLES_KHR;
		accelerationStructureGeometry.geometry.triangles.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_GEOMETRY_TRIANGLES_DATA_KHR;
		accelerationStructureGeometry.geometry.triangles.vertexFormat = VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT;
		accelerationStructureGeometry.geometry.triangles.vertexData = vertexBufferDeviceAddress;
		accelerationStructureGeometry.geometry.triangles.maxVertex = 2;
		accelerationStructureGeometry.geometry.triangles.vertexStride = sizeof(Vertex);
		accelerationStructureGeometry.geometry.triangles.indexType = VK_INDEX_TYPE_UINT32;
		accelerationStructureGeometry.geometry.triangles.indexData = indexBufferDeviceAddress;
		accelerationStructureGeometry.geometry.triangles.transformData.deviceAddress = 0;
		accelerationStructureGeometry.geometry.triangles.transformData.hostAddress = nullptr;
		accelerationStructureGeometry.geometry.triangles.transformData = transformBufferDeviceAddress;

		// Get size info
		VkAccelerationStructureBuildGeometryInfoKHR accelerationStructureBuildGeometryInfo{};
		accelerationStructureBuildGeometryInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_BUILD_GEOMETRY_INFO_KHR;
		accelerationStructureBuildGeometryInfo.type = VK_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BOTTOM_LEVEL_KHR;
		accelerationStructureBuildGeometryInfo.flags = VK_BUILD_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_PREFER_FAST_TRACE_BIT_KHR;
		accelerationStructureBuildGeometryInfo.geometryCount = 1;
		accelerationStructureBuildGeometryInfo.pGeometries = &accelerationStructureGeometry;

		const uint32_t numTriangles = 1;
		VkAccelerationStructureBuildSizesInfoKHR accelerationStructureBuildSizesInfo{};
		accelerationStructureBuildSizesInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_BUILD_SIZES_INFO_KHR;
		vkGetAccelerationStructureBuildSizesKHR(
			device,
			VK_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_BUILD_TYPE_DEVICE_KHR,
			&accelerationStructureBuildGeometryInfo,
			&numTriangles,
			&accelerationStructureBuildSizesInfo);

		createAccelerationStructureBuffer(bottomLevelAS, accelerationStructureBuildSizesInfo);

		VkAccelerationStructureCreateInfoKHR accelerationStructureCreateInfo{};
		accelerationStructureCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_CREATE_INFO_KHR;
		accelerationStructureCreateInfo.buffer = bottomLevelAS.buffer;
		accelerationStructureCreateInfo.size = accelerationStructureBuildSizesInfo.accelerationStructureSize;
		accelerationStructureCreateInfo.type = VK_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BOTTOM_LEVEL_KHR;
		vkCreateAccelerationStructureKHR(device, &accelerationStructureCreateInfo, nullptr, &bottomLevelAS.handle);

		// Create a small scratch buffer used during build of the bottom level acceleration structure
		RayTracingScratchBuffer scratchBuffer = createScratchBuffer(accelerationStructureBuildSizesInfo.buildScratchSize);

		VkAccelerationStructureBuildGeometryInfoKHR accelerationBuildGeometryInfo{};
		accelerationBuildGeometryInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_BUILD_GEOMETRY_INFO_KHR;
		accelerationBuildGeometryInfo.type = VK_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BOTTOM_LEVEL_KHR;
		accelerationBuildGeometryInfo.flags = VK_BUILD_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_PREFER_FAST_TRACE_BIT_KHR;
		accelerationBuildGeometryInfo.mode = VK_BUILD_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_MODE_BUILD_KHR;
		accelerationBuildGeometryInfo.dstAccelerationStructure = bottomLevelAS.handle;
		accelerationBuildGeometryInfo.geometryCount = 1;
		accelerationBuildGeometryInfo.pGeometries = &accelerationStructureGeometry;
		accelerationBuildGeometryInfo.scratchData.deviceAddress = scratchBuffer.deviceAddress;

		VkAccelerationStructureBuildRangeInfoKHR accelerationStructureBuildRangeInfo{};
		accelerationStructureBuildRangeInfo.primitiveCount = numTriangles;
		accelerationStructureBuildRangeInfo.primitiveOffset = 0;
		accelerationStructureBuildRangeInfo.firstVertex = 0;
		accelerationStructureBuildRangeInfo.transformOffset = 0;
		std::vector<VkAccelerationStructureBuildRangeInfoKHR*> accelerationBuildStructureRangeInfos = { &accelerationStructureBuildRangeInfo };

		// Build the acceleration structure on the device via a one-time command buffer submission
		// Some implementations may support acceleration structure building on the host (VkPhysicalDeviceAccelerationStructureFeaturesKHR->accelerationStructureHostCommands), but we prefer device builds
		VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = vulkanDevice->createCommandBuffer(VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY, true);
		vkCmdBuildAccelerationStructuresKHR(
			commandBuffer,
			1,
			&accelerationBuildGeometryInfo,
			accelerationBuildStructureRangeInfos.data());
		vulkanDevice->flushCommandBuffer(commandBuffer, queue);

		VkAccelerationStructureDeviceAddressInfoKHR accelerationDeviceAddressInfo{};
		accelerationDeviceAddressInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_DEVICE_ADDRESS_INFO_KHR;
		accelerationDeviceAddressInfo.accelerationStructure = bottomLevelAS.handle;
		bottomLevelAS.deviceAddress = vkGetAccelerationStructureDeviceAddressKHR(device, &accelerationDeviceAddressInfo);

		deleteScratchBuffer(scratchBuffer);
	}

	/*
		The top level acceleration structure contains the scene's object instances
	*/
	void createTopLevelAccelerationStructure()
	{
		VkTransformMatrixKHR transformMatrix = {
			1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
			0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
			0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f };

		VkAccelerationStructureInstanceKHR instance{};
		instance.transform = transformMatrix;
		instance.instanceCustomIndex = 0;
		instance.mask = 0xFF;
		instance.instanceShaderBindingTableRecordOffset = 0;
		instance.flags = VK_GEOMETRY_INSTANCE_TRIANGLE_FACING_CULL_DISABLE_BIT_KHR;
		instance.accelerationStructureReference = bottomLevelAS.deviceAddress;

		// Buffer for instance data
		vks::Buffer instancesBuffer;
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vulkanDevice->createBuffer(
			VK_BUFFER_USAGE_SHADER_DEVICE_ADDRESS_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_BUILD_INPUT_READ_ONLY_BIT_KHR,
			VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT,
			&instancesBuffer,
			sizeof(VkAccelerationStructureInstanceKHR),
			&instance));

		VkDeviceOrHostAddressConstKHR instanceDataDeviceAddress{};
		instanceDataDeviceAddress.deviceAddress = getBufferDeviceAddress(instancesBuffer.buffer);

		VkAccelerationStructureGeometryKHR accelerationStructureGeometry{};
		accelerationStructureGeometry.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_GEOMETRY_KHR;
		accelerationStructureGeometry.geometryType = VK_GEOMETRY_TYPE_INSTANCES_KHR;
		accelerationStructureGeometry.flags = VK_GEOMETRY_OPAQUE_BIT_KHR;
		accelerationStructureGeometry.geometry.instances.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_GEOMETRY_INSTANCES_DATA_KHR;
		accelerationStructureGeometry.geometry.instances.arrayOfPointers = VK_FALSE;
		accelerationStructureGeometry.geometry.instances.data = instanceDataDeviceAddress;

		// Get size info
		/*
		The pSrcAccelerationStructure, dstAccelerationStructure, and mode members of pBuildInfo are ignored. Any VkDeviceOrHostAddressKHR members of pBuildInfo are ignored by this command, except that the hostAddress member of VkAccelerationStructureGeometryTrianglesDataKHR::transformData will be examined to check if it is NULL.*
		*/
		VkAccelerationStructureBuildGeometryInfoKHR accelerationStructureBuildGeometryInfo{};
		accelerationStructureBuildGeometryInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_BUILD_GEOMETRY_INFO_KHR;
		accelerationStructureBuildGeometryInfo.type = VK_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_TYPE_TOP_LEVEL_KHR;
		accelerationStructureBuildGeometryInfo.flags = VK_BUILD_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_PREFER_FAST_TRACE_BIT_KHR;
		accelerationStructureBuildGeometryInfo.geometryCount = 1;
		accelerationStructureBuildGeometryInfo.pGeometries = &accelerationStructureGeometry;

		uint32_t primitive_count = 1;

		VkAccelerationStructureBuildSizesInfoKHR accelerationStructureBuildSizesInfo{};
		accelerationStructureBuildSizesInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_BUILD_SIZES_INFO_KHR;
		vkGetAccelerationStructureBuildSizesKHR(
			device,
			VK_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_BUILD_TYPE_DEVICE_KHR,
			&accelerationStructureBuildGeometryInfo,
			&primitive_count,
			&accelerationStructureBuildSizesInfo);

		createAccelerationStructureBuffer(topLevelAS, accelerationStructureBuildSizesInfo);

		VkAccelerationStructureCreateInfoKHR accelerationStructureCreateInfo{};
		accelerationStructureCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_CREATE_INFO_KHR;
		accelerationStructureCreateInfo.buffer = topLevelAS.buffer;
		accelerationStructureCreateInfo.size = accelerationStructureBuildSizesInfo.accelerationStructureSize;
		accelerationStructureCreateInfo.type = VK_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_TYPE_TOP_LEVEL_KHR;
		vkCreateAccelerationStructureKHR(device, &accelerationStructureCreateInfo, nullptr, &topLevelAS.handle);

		// Create a small scratch buffer used during build of the top level acceleration structure
		RayTracingScratchBuffer scratchBuffer = createScratchBuffer(accelerationStructureBuildSizesInfo.buildScratchSize);

		VkAccelerationStructureBuildGeometryInfoKHR accelerationBuildGeometryInfo{};
		accelerationBuildGeometryInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_BUILD_GEOMETRY_INFO_KHR;
		accelerationBuildGeometryInfo.type = VK_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_TYPE_TOP_LEVEL_KHR;
		accelerationBuildGeometryInfo.flags = VK_BUILD_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_PREFER_FAST_TRACE_BIT_KHR;
		accelerationBuildGeometryInfo.mode = VK_BUILD_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_MODE_BUILD_KHR;
		accelerationBuildGeometryInfo.dstAccelerationStructure = topLevelAS.handle;
		accelerationBuildGeometryInfo.geometryCount = 1;
		accelerationBuildGeometryInfo.pGeometries = &accelerationStructureGeometry;
		accelerationBuildGeometryInfo.scratchData.deviceAddress = scratchBuffer.deviceAddress;

		VkAccelerationStructureBuildRangeInfoKHR accelerationStructureBuildRangeInfo{};
		accelerationStructureBuildRangeInfo.primitiveCount = 1;
		accelerationStructureBuildRangeInfo.primitiveOffset = 0;
		accelerationStructureBuildRangeInfo.firstVertex = 0;
		accelerationStructureBuildRangeInfo.transformOffset = 0;
		std::vector<VkAccelerationStructureBuildRangeInfoKHR*> accelerationBuildStructureRangeInfos = { &accelerationStructureBuildRangeInfo };

		// Build the acceleration structure on the device via a one-time command buffer submission
		// Some implementations may support acceleration structure building on the host (VkPhysicalDeviceAccelerationStructureFeaturesKHR->accelerationStructureHostCommands), but we prefer device builds
		VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = vulkanDevice->createCommandBuffer(VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY, true);
		vkCmdBuildAccelerationStructuresKHR(
			commandBuffer,
			1,
			&accelerationBuildGeometryInfo,
			accelerationBuildStructureRangeInfos.data());
		vulkanDevice->flushCommandBuffer(commandBuffer, queue);

		VkAccelerationStructureDeviceAddressInfoKHR accelerationDeviceAddressInfo{};
		accelerationDeviceAddressInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_DEVICE_ADDRESS_INFO_KHR;
		accelerationDeviceAddressInfo.accelerationStructure = topLevelAS.handle;
		topLevelAS.deviceAddress = vkGetAccelerationStructureDeviceAddressKHR(device, &accelerationDeviceAddressInfo);

		deleteScratchBuffer(scratchBuffer);
		instancesBuffer.destroy();
	}

	/*
		Create the Shader Binding Tables that binds the programs and top-level acceleration structure

		SBT Layout used in this sample:

			/-----------\
			| raygen    |
			|-----------|
			| miss      |
			|-----------|
			| hit       |
			\-----------/

	*/
	void createShaderBindingTable() {
		const uint32_t handleSize = rayTracingPipelineProperties.shaderGroupHandleSize;
		const uint32_t handleSizeAligned = vks::tools::alignedSize(rayTracingPipelineProperties.shaderGroupHandleSize, rayTracingPipelineProperties.shaderGroupHandleAlignment);
		const uint32_t groupCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(shaderGroups.size());
		const uint32_t sbtSize = groupCount * handleSizeAligned;

		std::vector<uint8_t> shaderHandleStorage(sbtSize);
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkGetRayTracingShaderGroupHandlesKHR(device, pipeline, 0, groupCount, sbtSize, shaderHandleStorage.data()));

		const VkBufferUsageFlags bufferUsageFlags = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_SHADER_BINDING_TABLE_BIT_KHR | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_SHADER_DEVICE_ADDRESS_BIT;
		const VkMemoryPropertyFlags memoryUsageFlags = VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT;
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vulkanDevice->createBuffer(bufferUsageFlags, memoryUsageFlags, &raygenShaderBindingTable, handleSize));
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vulkanDevice->createBuffer(bufferUsageFlags, memoryUsageFlags, &missShaderBindingTable, handleSize));
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vulkanDevice->createBuffer(bufferUsageFlags, memoryUsageFlags, &hitShaderBindingTable, handleSize));

		// Copy handles
		raygenShaderBindingTable.map();
		missShaderBindingTable.map();
		hitShaderBindingTable.map();
		memcpy(raygenShaderBindingTable.mapped, shaderHandleStorage.data(), handleSize);
		memcpy(missShaderBindingTable.mapped, shaderHandleStorage.data() + handleSizeAligned, handleSize);
		memcpy(hitShaderBindingTable.mapped, shaderHandleStorage.data() + handleSizeAligned * 2, handleSize);
	}

	/*
		Create the descriptor sets used for the ray tracing dispatch
	*/
	void createDescriptorSets()
	{
		// Pool
		std::vector<VkDescriptorPoolSize> poolSizes = {
			{ VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_KHR, maxConcurrentFrames },
			{ VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_IMAGE, maxConcurrentFrames },
			{ VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER, maxConcurrentFrames }
		};
		VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo descriptorPoolCreateInfo = vks::initializers::descriptorPoolCreateInfo(poolSizes, maxConcurrentFrames);
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateDescriptorPool(device, &descriptorPoolCreateInfo, nullptr, &descriptorPool));

		// Sets per frame, just like the buffers themselves
		// Acceleration structure and storage image does not need to be duplicated per frame, we use the same for each descriptor to keep things simple
		VkDescriptorSetAllocateInfo allocInfo = vks::initializers::descriptorSetAllocateInfo(descriptorPool, &descriptorSetLayout, 1);
		for (auto i = 0; i < maxConcurrentFrames; i++) {
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkAllocateDescriptorSets(device, &allocInfo, &descriptorSets[i]));

			// The fragment shader needs access to the ray tracing acceleration structure, so we pass it as a descriptor

			VkWriteDescriptorSetAccelerationStructureKHR descriptorAccelerationStructureInfo{};
			descriptorAccelerationStructureInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_KHR;
			descriptorAccelerationStructureInfo.accelerationStructureCount = 1;
			descriptorAccelerationStructureInfo.pAccelerationStructures = &topLevelAS.handle;

			VkWriteDescriptorSet accelerationStructureWrite{};
			accelerationStructureWrite.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET;
			// The specialized acceleration structure descriptor has to be chained
			accelerationStructureWrite.pNext = &descriptorAccelerationStructureInfo;
			accelerationStructureWrite.dstSet = descriptorSets[i];
			accelerationStructureWrite.dstBinding = 0;
			accelerationStructureWrite.descriptorCount = 1;
			accelerationStructureWrite.descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_KHR;

			VkDescriptorImageInfo storageImageDescriptor{};
			storageImageDescriptor.imageView = storageImage.view;
			storageImageDescriptor.imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL;

			VkWriteDescriptorSet resultImageWrite = vks::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(descriptorSets[i], VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_IMAGE, 1, &storageImageDescriptor);
			VkWriteDescriptorSet uniformBufferWrite = vks::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(descriptorSets[i], VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER, 2, &uniformBuffers[i].descriptor);

			std::vector<VkWriteDescriptorSet> writeDescriptorSets = {
				accelerationStructureWrite,
				resultImageWrite,
				uniformBufferWrite
			};
			vkUpdateDescriptorSets(device, static_cast<uint32_t>(writeDescriptorSets.size()), writeDescriptorSets.data(), 0, VK_NULL_HANDLE);
		}
	}

	/*
		Create our ray tracing pipeline
	*/
	void createRayTracingPipeline()
	{
		VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding accelerationStructureLayoutBinding{};
		accelerationStructureLayoutBinding.binding = 0;
		accelerationStructureLayoutBinding.descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_KHR;
		accelerationStructureLayoutBinding.descriptorCount = 1;
		accelerationStructureLayoutBinding.stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_RAYGEN_BIT_KHR;

		VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding resultImageLayoutBinding{};
		resultImageLayoutBinding.binding = 1;
		resultImageLayoutBinding.descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_IMAGE;
		resultImageLayoutBinding.descriptorCount = 1;
		resultImageLayoutBinding.stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_RAYGEN_BIT_KHR;

		VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding uniformBufferBinding{};
		uniformBufferBinding.binding = 2;
		uniformBufferBinding.descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER;
		uniformBufferBinding.descriptorCount = 1;
		uniformBufferBinding.stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_RAYGEN_BIT_KHR;

		std::vector<VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding> bindings({
			accelerationStructureLayoutBinding,
			resultImageLayoutBinding,
			uniformBufferBinding
			});

		VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo descriptorSetlayoutCI{};
		descriptorSetlayoutCI.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;
		descriptorSetlayoutCI.bindingCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(bindings.size());
		descriptorSetlayoutCI.pBindings = bindings.data();
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout(device, &descriptorSetlayoutCI, nullptr, &descriptorSetLayout));

		VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo pipelineLayoutCI{};
		pipelineLayoutCI.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;
		pipelineLayoutCI.setLayoutCount = 1;
		pipelineLayoutCI.pSetLayouts = &descriptorSetLayout;
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreatePipelineLayout(device, &pipelineLayoutCI, nullptr, &pipelineLayout));

		/*
			Setup ray tracing shader groups
		*/
		std::vector<VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo> shaderStages;

		// Ray generation group
		{
			shaderStages.push_back(loadShader(getShadersPath() + "raytracingbasic/raygen.rgen.spv", VK_SHADER_STAGE_RAYGEN_BIT_KHR));
			VkRayTracingShaderGroupCreateInfoKHR shaderGroup{};
			shaderGroup.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RAY_TRACING_SHADER_GROUP_CREATE_INFO_KHR;
			shaderGroup.type = VK_RAY_TRACING_SHADER_GROUP_TYPE_GENERAL_KHR;
			shaderGroup.generalShader = static_cast<uint32_t>(shaderStages.size()) - 1;
			shaderGroup.closestHitShader = VK_SHADER_UNUSED_KHR;
			shaderGroup.anyHitShader = VK_SHADER_UNUSED_KHR;
			shaderGroup.intersectionShader = VK_SHADER_UNUSED_KHR;
			shaderGroups.push_back(shaderGroup);
		}

		// Miss group
		{
			shaderStages.push_back(loadShader(getShadersPath() + "raytracingbasic/miss.rmiss.spv", VK_SHADER_STAGE_MISS_BIT_KHR));
			VkRayTracingShaderGroupCreateInfoKHR shaderGroup{};
			shaderGroup.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RAY_TRACING_SHADER_GROUP_CREATE_INFO_KHR;
			shaderGroup.type = VK_RAY_TRACING_SHADER_GROUP_TYPE_GENERAL_KHR;
			shaderGroup.generalShader = static_cast<uint32_t>(shaderStages.size()) - 1;
			shaderGroup.closestHitShader = VK_SHADER_UNUSED_KHR;
			shaderGroup.anyHitShader = VK_SHADER_UNUSED_KHR;
			shaderGroup.intersectionShader = VK_SHADER_UNUSED_KHR;
			shaderGroups.push_back(shaderGroup);
		}

		// Closest hit group
		{
			shaderStages.push_back(loadShader(getShadersPath() + "raytracingbasic/closesthit.rchit.spv", VK_SHADER_STAGE_CLOSEST_HIT_BIT_KHR));
			VkRayTracingShaderGroupCreateInfoKHR shaderGroup{};
			shaderGroup.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RAY_TRACING_SHADER_GROUP_CREATE_INFO_KHR;
			shaderGroup.type = VK_RAY_TRACING_SHADER_GROUP_TYPE_TRIANGLES_HIT_GROUP_KHR;
			shaderGroup.generalShader = VK_SHADER_UNUSED_KHR;
			shaderGroup.closestHitShader = static_cast<uint32_t>(shaderStages.size()) - 1;
			shaderGroup.anyHitShader = VK_SHADER_UNUSED_KHR;
			shaderGroup.intersectionShader = VK_SHADER_UNUSED_KHR;
			shaderGroups.push_back(shaderGroup);
		}

		/*
			Create the ray tracing pipeline
		*/
		VkRayTracingPipelineCreateInfoKHR rayTracingPipelineCI{};
		rayTracingPipelineCI.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RAY_TRACING_PIPELINE_CREATE_INFO_KHR;
		rayTracingPipelineCI.stageCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(shaderStages.size());
		rayTracingPipelineCI.pStages = shaderStages.data();
		rayTracingPipelineCI.groupCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(shaderGroups.size());
		rayTracingPipelineCI.pGroups = shaderGroups.data();
		rayTracingPipelineCI.maxPipelineRayRecursionDepth = 1;
		rayTracingPipelineCI.layout = pipelineLayout;
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateRayTracingPipelinesKHR(device, VK_NULL_HANDLE, VK_NULL_HANDLE, 1, &rayTracingPipelineCI, nullptr, &pipeline));
	}

	/*
		Create the uniform buffer used to pass matrices to the ray tracing ray generation shader
	*/
	void createUniformBuffer()
	{
		for (auto& buffer : uniformBuffers) {
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vulkanDevice->createBuffer(VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, &buffer, sizeof(UniformData), &uniformData));
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(buffer.map());
		}
	}

	/*
		If the window has been resized, we need to recreate the storage image and it's descriptor
	*/
	void handleResize()
	{
		// Delete allocated resources
		vkDestroyImageView(device, storageImage.view, nullptr);
		vkDestroyImage(device, storageImage.image, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, storageImage.memory, nullptr);
		// Recreate image
		createStorageImage();
		// Update descriptors
		VkDescriptorImageInfo storageImageDescriptor{ VK_NULL_HANDLE, storageImage.view, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL };
		for (auto i = 0; i < maxConcurrentFrames; i++) {
			VkWriteDescriptorSet resultImageWrite = vks::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(descriptorSets[i], VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_IMAGE, 1, &storageImageDescriptor);
			vkUpdateDescriptorSets(device, 1, &resultImageWrite, 0, VK_NULL_HANDLE);
		}
		resized = false;
	}

	void updateUniformBuffers()
	{
		uniformData.projInverse = glm::inverse(camera.matrices.perspective);
		uniformData.viewInverse = glm::inverse(camera.matrices.view);
		memcpy(uniformBuffers[currentBuffer].mapped, &uniformData, sizeof(uniformData));
	}

	void getEnabledFeatures()
	{
		// Enable features required for ray tracing using feature chaining via pNext		
		enabledBufferDeviceAddresFeatures.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_BUFFER_DEVICE_ADDRESS_FEATURES;
		enabledBufferDeviceAddresFeatures.bufferDeviceAddress = VK_TRUE;

		enabledRayTracingPipelineFeatures.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_RAY_TRACING_PIPELINE_FEATURES_KHR;
		enabledRayTracingPipelineFeatures.rayTracingPipeline = VK_TRUE;
		enabledRayTracingPipelineFeatures.pNext = &enabledBufferDeviceAddresFeatures;

		enabledAccelerationStructureFeatures.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_FEATURES_KHR;
		enabledAccelerationStructureFeatures.accelerationStructure = VK_TRUE;
		enabledAccelerationStructureFeatures.pNext = &enabledRayTracingPipelineFeatures;

		deviceCreatepNextChain = &enabledAccelerationStructureFeatures;

		// Format for the storage image is decided at runtime, so we can't explicilily state it in the shader
		enabledFeatures.shaderStorageImageWriteWithoutFormat = VK_TRUE;
	}

	void prepare()
	{
		VulkanExampleBase::prepare();

		// Get ray tracing pipeline properties, which will be used later on in the sample
		rayTracingPipelineProperties.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_RAY_TRACING_PIPELINE_PROPERTIES_KHR;
		VkPhysicalDeviceProperties2 deviceProperties2{};
		deviceProperties2.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_PROPERTIES_2;
		deviceProperties2.pNext = &rayTracingPipelineProperties;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties2(physicalDevice, &deviceProperties2);

		// Get acceleration structure properties, which will be used later on in the sample
		accelerationStructureFeatures.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_FEATURES_KHR;
		VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures2 deviceFeatures2{};
		deviceFeatures2.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_FEATURES_2;
		deviceFeatures2.pNext = &accelerationStructureFeatures;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceFeatures2(physicalDevice, &deviceFeatures2);

		// Get the ray tracing and accelertion structure related function pointers required by this sample
		vkGetBufferDeviceAddressKHR = reinterpret_cast<PFN_vkGetBufferDeviceAddressKHR>(vkGetDeviceProcAddr(device, "vkGetBufferDeviceAddressKHR"));
		vkCmdBuildAccelerationStructuresKHR = reinterpret_cast<PFN_vkCmdBuildAccelerationStructuresKHR>(vkGetDeviceProcAddr(device, "vkCmdBuildAccelerationStructuresKHR"));
		vkBuildAccelerationStructuresKHR = reinterpret_cast<PFN_vkBuildAccelerationStructuresKHR>(vkGetDeviceProcAddr(device, "vkBuildAccelerationStructuresKHR"));
		vkCreateAccelerationStructureKHR = reinterpret_cast<PFN_vkCreateAccelerationStructureKHR>(vkGetDeviceProcAddr(device, "vkCreateAccelerationStructureKHR"));
		vkDestroyAccelerationStructureKHR = reinterpret_cast<PFN_vkDestroyAccelerationStructureKHR>(vkGetDeviceProcAddr(device, "vkDestroyAccelerationStructureKHR"));
		vkGetAccelerationStructureBuildSizesKHR = reinterpret_cast<PFN_vkGetAccelerationStructureBuildSizesKHR>(vkGetDeviceProcAddr(device, "vkGetAccelerationStructureBuildSizesKHR"));
		vkGetAccelerationStructureDeviceAddressKHR = reinterpret_cast<PFN_vkGetAccelerationStructureDeviceAddressKHR>(vkGetDeviceProcAddr(device, "vkGetAccelerationStructureDeviceAddressKHR"));
		vkCmdTraceRaysKHR = reinterpret_cast<PFN_vkCmdTraceRaysKHR>(vkGetDeviceProcAddr(device, "vkCmdTraceRaysKHR"));
		vkGetRayTracingShaderGroupHandlesKHR = reinterpret_cast<PFN_vkGetRayTracingShaderGroupHandlesKHR>(vkGetDeviceProcAddr(device, "vkGetRayTracingShaderGroupHandlesKHR"));
		vkCreateRayTracingPipelinesKHR = reinterpret_cast<PFN_vkCreateRayTracingPipelinesKHR>(vkGetDeviceProcAddr(device, "vkCreateRayTracingPipelinesKHR"));

		// Create the acceleration structures used to render the ray traced scene
		createBottomLevelAccelerationStructure();
		createTopLevelAccelerationStructure();

		createStorageImage();
		createUniformBuffer();
		createRayTracingPipeline();
		createShaderBindingTable();
		createDescriptorSets();
		prepared = true;
	}

	void buildCommandBuffer()
	{
		if (resized)
		{
			handleResize();
		}

		VkCommandBuffer cmdBuffer = drawCmdBuffers[currentBuffer];
		
		VkCommandBufferBeginInfo cmdBufInfo = vks::initializers::commandBufferBeginInfo();

		VkImageSubresourceRange subresourceRange = { VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, 0, 1, 0, 1 };

		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkBeginCommandBuffer(cmdBuffer, &cmdBufInfo));

		/*
			Setup the buffer regions pointing to the shaders in our shader binding table
		*/

		const uint32_t handleSizeAligned = vks::tools::alignedSize(rayTracingPipelineProperties.shaderGroupHandleSize, rayTracingPipelineProperties.shaderGroupHandleAlignment);

		VkStridedDeviceAddressRegionKHR raygenShaderSbtEntry{};
		raygenShaderSbtEntry.deviceAddress = getBufferDeviceAddress(raygenShaderBindingTable.buffer);
		raygenShaderSbtEntry.stride = handleSizeAligned;
		raygenShaderSbtEntry.size = handleSizeAligned;

		VkStridedDeviceAddressRegionKHR missShaderSbtEntry{};
		missShaderSbtEntry.deviceAddress = getBufferDeviceAddress(missShaderBindingTable.buffer);
		missShaderSbtEntry.stride = handleSizeAligned;
		missShaderSbtEntry.size = handleSizeAligned;

		VkStridedDeviceAddressRegionKHR hitShaderSbtEntry{};
		hitShaderSbtEntry.deviceAddress = getBufferDeviceAddress(hitShaderBindingTable.buffer);
		hitShaderSbtEntry.stride = handleSizeAligned;
		hitShaderSbtEntry.size = handleSizeAligned;

		VkStridedDeviceAddressRegionKHR callableShaderSbtEntry{};

		/*
			Dispatch the ray tracing commands
		*/
		vkCmdBindPipeline(cmdBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_RAY_TRACING_KHR, pipeline);
		vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(cmdBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_RAY_TRACING_KHR, pipelineLayout, 0, 1, &descriptorSets[currentBuffer], 0, 0);

		vkCmdTraceRaysKHR(
			cmdBuffer,
			&raygenShaderSbtEntry,
			&missShaderSbtEntry,
			&hitShaderSbtEntry,
			&callableShaderSbtEntry,
			width,
			height,
			1);

		/*
			Copy ray tracing output to swap chain image
		*/

		// Prepare current swap chain image as transfer destination
		vks::tools::setImageLayout(
			cmdBuffer,
			swapChain.images[currentImageIndex],
			VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED,
			VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
			subresourceRange);

		// Prepare ray tracing output image as transfer source
		vks::tools::setImageLayout(
			cmdBuffer,
			storageImage.image,
			VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL,
			VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL,
			subresourceRange);

		VkImageCopy copyRegion{};
		copyRegion.srcSubresource = { VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, 0, 0, 1 };
		copyRegion.srcOffset = { 0, 0, 0 };
		copyRegion.dstSubresource = { VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, 0, 0, 1 };
		copyRegion.dstOffset = { 0, 0, 0 };
		copyRegion.extent = { width, height, 1 };
		vkCmdCopyImage(cmdBuffer, storageImage.image, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL, swapChain.images[currentImageIndex], VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL, 1, &copyRegion);

		// Transition swap chain image back for presentation
		vks::tools::setImageLayout(
			cmdBuffer,
			swapChain.images[currentImageIndex],
			VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
			VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR,
			subresourceRange);

		// Transition ray tracing output image back to general layout
		vks::tools::setImageLayout(
			cmdBuffer,
			storageImage.image,
			VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL,
			VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL,
			subresourceRange);

		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkEndCommandBuffer(cmdBuffer));
	}

	virtual void render()
	{
		if (!prepared)
			return;
		VulkanExampleBase::prepareFrame();
		updateUniformBuffers();
		buildCommandBuffer();
		VulkanExampleBase::submitFrame();
	}
};

VULKAN_EXAMPLE_MAIN()