feat(conversions): add input validation and fix bugs in Roman Numerals

[aoright]

Describe your change:

This PR adds input validation, lowercase input support, and fixes boundary bugs in conversions/roman_numerals.py:

• roman_to_int: Seamlessly converts lowercase input strings (e.g. "iii" -> 3) and raises a proper ValueError with clear messages for empty or invalid inputs.
• int_to_roman: Validates that the input is an integer in the range 1 <= number <= 3999. Raises ValueError for out-of-range/non-integer inputs instead of returning incorrect values (e.g., int_to_roman(-5) used to return "CMXCV").

• Add an algorithm?
• Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
• Add or change doctests? -- Note: Please avoid changing both code and tests in a single pull request.
• Documentation change?

Checklist:

• I have read CONTRIBUTING.md.
• This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
• I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
• This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
• All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
• All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
• All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
• All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python type hints.
• All functions have doctests that pass the automated testing.
• All new algorithms include at least one URL that points to Wikipedia or another similar explanation.
• If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the description above includes the issue number(s) with a closing keyword: "Fixes #ISSUE-NUMBER".