Add commit retry and concurrency validation for writes

mkdocs/docs/configuration.md

@@ -85,6 +85,26 @@ Iceberg tables support table properties to configure table behavior.
 
 <!-- prettier-ignore-end -->
 
+### Commit retry options
+
+When a concurrent commit is detected, PyIceberg automatically retries the operation with exponential backoff. If the retry detects a real data conflict (e.g. concurrent deletes on the same partition), it raises `ValidationException` instead of retrying.
+
+| Key                              | Options          | Default   | Description                                                        |
+| -------------------------------- | ---------------- | --------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------ |
+| `commit.retry.num-retries`       | Integer          | 4         | Maximum number of retry attempts after a commit conflict            |
+| `commit.retry.min-wait-ms`      | Integer (ms)     | 100       | Minimum wait time before the first retry                            |
+| `commit.retry.max-wait-ms`      | Integer (ms)     | 60000     | Maximum wait time between retries (caps exponential backoff)        |
+| `commit.retry.total-timeout-ms` | Integer (ms)     | 1800000   | Total time allowed for all retry attempts before giving up          |
+
+### Isolation level options
+
+These properties control conflict detection behavior during concurrent writes.
+
+| Key                              | Options                          | Default      | Description                                                                                     |
+| -------------------------------- | -------------------------------- | ------------ | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| `write.delete.isolation-level`   | `{serializable,snapshot}`        | serializable | Isolation level for delete operations. Under `serializable`, concurrent appends to affected partitions cause `ValidationException`. Under `snapshot`, only conflicting deletes are rejected. |
+| `write.update.isolation-level`   | `{serializable,snapshot}`        | serializable | Isolation level for overwrite operations. Same semantics as `write.delete.isolation-level`.      |
+
 ## FileIO
 
 Iceberg works with the concept of a FileIO which is a pluggable module for reading, writing, and deleting files. By default, PyIceberg will try to initialize the FileIO that's suitable for the scheme (`s3://`, `gs://`, etc.) and will use the first one that's installed.

pyiceberg/table/__init__.py

@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@
 
 import itertools
 import os
+import random
+import time
 import uuid
 import warnings
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
@@ -31,6 +33,7 @@
 from pydantic import Field
 
 import pyiceberg.expressions.parser as parser
+from pyiceberg.exceptions import CommitFailedException
 from pyiceberg.expressions import AlwaysFalse, AlwaysTrue, And, BooleanExpression, EqualTo, IsNull, Or, Reference
 from pyiceberg.expressions.visitors import (
     ResidualEvaluator,
@@ -205,6 +208,22 @@ class TableProperties:
     MIN_SNAPSHOTS_TO_KEEP = "history.expire.min-snapshots-to-keep"
     MIN_SNAPSHOTS_TO_KEEP_DEFAULT = 1
 
+    COMMIT_NUM_RETRIES = "commit.retry.num-retries"
+    COMMIT_NUM_RETRIES_DEFAULT = 4
+
+    COMMIT_MIN_RETRY_WAIT_MS = "commit.retry.min-wait-ms"
+    COMMIT_MIN_RETRY_WAIT_MS_DEFAULT = 100
+
+    COMMIT_MAX_RETRY_WAIT_MS = "commit.retry.max-wait-ms"
+    COMMIT_MAX_RETRY_WAIT_MS_DEFAULT = 60000
+
+    COMMIT_TOTAL_RETRY_TIME_MS = "commit.retry.total-timeout-ms"
+    COMMIT_TOTAL_RETRY_TIME_MS_DEFAULT = 1800000  # 30 minutes
+
+    WRITE_DELETE_ISOLATION_LEVEL = "write.delete.isolation-level"
+    WRITE_UPDATE_ISOLATION_LEVEL = "write.update.isolation-level"
+    WRITE_ISOLATION_LEVEL_DEFAULT = "serializable"
+
 
 class Transaction:
     _table: Table
@@ -223,6 +242,7 @@ def __init__(self, table: Table, autocommit: bool = False):
         self._autocommit = autocommit
         self._updates = ()
         self._requirements = ()
+        self._snapshot_producers: list[Any] = []
 
     @property
     def table_metadata(self) -> TableMetadata:
@@ -265,6 +285,10 @@ def _stage(
 
         return self
 
+    def _register_snapshot_producer(self, producer: Any) -> None:
+        """Register a snapshot producer for retry support."""
+        self._snapshot_producers.append(producer)
+
     def _apply(
         self,
         updates: tuple[TableUpdate, ...],
@@ -589,7 +613,12 @@ def dynamic_partition_overwrite(
         delete_filter = self._build_partition_predicate(
             partition_records=partitions_to_overwrite, spec=self.table_metadata.spec(), schema=self.table_metadata.schema()
         )
-        self.delete(delete_filter=delete_filter, snapshot_properties=snapshot_properties, branch=branch)
+        self.delete(
+            delete_filter=delete_filter,
+            snapshot_properties=snapshot_properties,
+            branch=branch,
+            _isolation_level_property=TableProperties.WRITE_UPDATE_ISOLATION_LEVEL,
+        )
 
         with self._append_snapshot_producer(snapshot_properties, branch=branch) as append_files:
             append_files.commit_uuid = append_snapshot_commit_uuid
@@ -682,6 +711,7 @@ def overwrite(
                 case_sensitive=case_sensitive,
                 snapshot_properties=snapshot_properties,
                 branch=branch,
+                _isolation_level_property=TableProperties.WRITE_UPDATE_ISOLATION_LEVEL,
             )
 
         with self._append_snapshot_producer(snapshot_properties, branch=branch) as append_files:
@@ -699,6 +729,7 @@ def delete(
         snapshot_properties: dict[str, str] = EMPTY_DICT,
         case_sensitive: bool = True,
         branch: str | None = MAIN_BRANCH,
+        _isolation_level_property: str | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """
         Shorthand for deleting record from a table.
@@ -726,6 +757,8 @@ def delete(
             delete_filter = _parse_row_filter(delete_filter)
 
         with self.update_snapshot(snapshot_properties=snapshot_properties, branch=branch).delete() as delete_snapshot:
+            if _isolation_level_property is not None:
+                delete_snapshot._isolation_level_property = _isolation_level_property
             delete_snapshot.delete_by_predicate(delete_filter, case_sensitive)
 
         # Check if there are any files that require an actual rewrite of a data file
@@ -781,7 +814,11 @@ def delete(
                 with self.update_snapshot(
                     snapshot_properties=snapshot_properties, branch=branch
                 ).overwrite() as overwrite_snapshot:
+                    if _isolation_level_property is not None:
+                        overwrite_snapshot._isolation_level_property = _isolation_level_property
+                    overwrite_snapshot._starting_snapshot_id = delete_snapshot._starting_snapshot_id
                     overwrite_snapshot.commit_uuid = commit_uuid
+                    overwrite_snapshot.delete_by_predicate(delete_filter, case_sensitive)
                     for original_data_file, replaced_data_files in replaced_files:
                         overwrite_snapshot.delete_data_file(original_data_file)
                         for replaced_data_file in replaced_data_files:
@@ -1036,17 +1073,78 @@ def commit_transaction(self) -> Table:
             The table with the updates applied.
         """
         if len(self._updates) > 0:
-            self._requirements += (AssertTableUUID(uuid=self.table_metadata.table_uuid),)
-            self._table._do_commit(  # pylint: disable=W0212
-                updates=self._updates,
-                requirements=self._requirements,
+            from pyiceberg.utils.properties import property_as_int
+
+            properties = self._table.metadata.properties
+            num_retries_val = property_as_int(
+                properties, TableProperties.COMMIT_NUM_RETRIES, TableProperties.COMMIT_NUM_RETRIES_DEFAULT
+            )
+            num_retries = num_retries_val if num_retries_val is not None else TableProperties.COMMIT_NUM_RETRIES_DEFAULT
+            min_wait_val = property_as_int(
+                properties, TableProperties.COMMIT_MIN_RETRY_WAIT_MS, TableProperties.COMMIT_MIN_RETRY_WAIT_MS_DEFAULT
+            )
+            min_wait_ms = min_wait_val if min_wait_val is not None else TableProperties.COMMIT_MIN_RETRY_WAIT_MS_DEFAULT
+            max_wait_val = property_as_int(
+                properties, TableProperties.COMMIT_MAX_RETRY_WAIT_MS, TableProperties.COMMIT_MAX_RETRY_WAIT_MS_DEFAULT
             )
+            max_wait_ms = max_wait_val if max_wait_val is not None else TableProperties.COMMIT_MAX_RETRY_WAIT_MS_DEFAULT
+            total_timeout_val = property_as_int(
+                properties, TableProperties.COMMIT_TOTAL_RETRY_TIME_MS, TableProperties.COMMIT_TOTAL_RETRY_TIME_MS_DEFAULT
+            )
+            total_timeout_ms = (
+                total_timeout_val if total_timeout_val is not None else TableProperties.COMMIT_TOTAL_RETRY_TIME_MS_DEFAULT
+            )
+            start_time = time.monotonic()
+            self._requirements += (AssertTableUUID(uuid=self.table_metadata.table_uuid),)
+
+            try:
+                for attempt in range(num_retries + 1):
+                    try:
+                        self._table._do_commit(  # pylint: disable=W0212
+                            updates=self._updates,
+                            requirements=self._requirements,
+                        )
+                        self._cleanup_uncommitted_manifests()
+                        break
+                    except CommitFailedException:
+                        elapsed_ms = (time.monotonic() - start_time) * 1000
+                        if attempt == num_retries or not self._snapshot_producers or elapsed_ms >= total_timeout_ms:
+                            raise
+
+                        wait = min(min_wait_ms * (2**attempt), max_wait_ms)
+                        jitter = random.uniform(0, 0.25 * wait)
+                        time.sleep((wait + jitter) / 1000.0)
+
+                        self._table.refresh()
+                        self._rebuild_snapshot_updates()
+            except Exception:
+                for producer in self._snapshot_producers:
+                    producer._clean_all_uncommitted()
+                raise
 
         self._updates = ()
         self._requirements = ()
 
         return self._table
 
+    def _cleanup_uncommitted_manifests(self) -> None:
+        """Clean up manifests from failed retry attempts after a successful commit."""
+        for producer in self._snapshot_producers:
+            producer._cleanup_uncommitted()
+
+    def _rebuild_snapshot_updates(self) -> None:
+        """Rebuild snapshot updates for retry by re-executing registered producers."""
+        from pyiceberg.table.update import AddSnapshotUpdate, AssertRefSnapshotId, SetSnapshotRefUpdate
+
+        self._updates = tuple(u for u in self._updates if not isinstance(u, (AddSnapshotUpdate, SetSnapshotRefUpdate)))
+        self._requirements = tuple(r for r in self._requirements if not isinstance(r, AssertRefSnapshotId))
+
+        for producer in self._snapshot_producers:
+            producer._refresh_for_retry()
+            producer._validate_concurrency()
+            updates, requirements = producer._commit()
+            self._stage(updates, requirements)
+
 
 class CreateTableTransaction(Transaction):
     """A transaction that involves the creation of a new table."""
@@ -2072,13 +2170,11 @@ def _build_residual_evaluator(self, spec_id: int) -> Callable[[DataFile], Residu
         # The lambda created here is run in multiple threads.
         # So we avoid creating _EvaluatorExpression methods bound to a single
         # shared instance across multiple threads.
-        return lambda datafile: (
-            residual_evaluator_of(
-                spec=spec,
-                expr=self.row_filter,
-                case_sensitive=self.case_sensitive,
-                schema=self.table_metadata.schema(),
-            )
+        return lambda datafile: residual_evaluator_of(
+            spec=spec,
+            expr=self.row_filter,
+            case_sensitive=self.case_sensitive,
+            schema=self.table_metadata.schema(),
         )
 
     @staticmethod

pyiceberg/table/snapshots.py

@@ -86,6 +86,13 @@ def __repr__(self) -> str:
         return f"Operation.{self.name}"
 
 
+class IsolationLevel(str, Enum):
+    """Transaction isolation level for concurrent write validation."""
+
+    SERIALIZABLE = "serializable"
+    SNAPSHOT = "snapshot"
+
+
 class UpdateMetrics:
     added_file_size: int
     removed_file_size: int